
Over a decade in the making, the journey toward fully integrated EU capital markets began with the Capital Markets Union Action Plan in 2015. Despite significant legislative progress, fragmentation, regulatory divergence, and cross-border barriers have persisted. Renewed calls for action followed in 2019, 2020, 2023, and 2024 — culminating in the launch of the Savings and Investments Union (SIU) in March 2025 and the EU’s Market Integration and Supervision Package (EU MISP) in December 2025 (which is a cornerstone of the SIU).
